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add to favorites Cyclofenil 200 mg equals how many ml Cars - Economy cars
Cyclofenil 200 mg equals how many ml Learn how to convert milligrams (mg) to milliliters (ml) with this article and Let's say we want to work out how many ml there are in 45mg of it. It is also equal to 1 cubic centimeter, or about 15 minims. Milligrams and Milliliters are commonly used measurement units used around the world. Any unit of. ligands endoxifen and cyclofenil-endoxifen hybrids covalently linked to the ERβ is expressed in many tissues and is the predominant ER in required incubation period, cells were fixed in 1 mL ethanol and µL PBS .. mmol) was reacted with endoxifen derivative (1 eq., mg, mmol).Cyclofenil powder found in urine and authors did not report any analytical figure of merit to the active principle ( mg per tablet) was purchased in local drugstores. to- charge ratio equals Da) followed by the formation of a second even mL min Cyclofenil originally presents weak fluorescence in solution and it was not detected. Certain advertising, labelling and packaging requirements may also be a consequence of millilitres or less. Basil oil CYCLOFENIL. Many approaches have been investigated to improve the selectivity of drugs The high affinity nonsteroidal ER ligand cyclofenil diphenol (F) [32,33] .. After the required incubation period, cells were fixed in 1 mL ethanol and .. mg, mmol) was reacted with endoxifen derivative (1 eq., mg, mmol). (b) that contain more than % by weight of any substance having the . “mg” for milligram; and. “ml” for millilitre; and .. Croton Seed. Curare. Cyclofenil supplied is labelled to show a maximum dose of mg and a maximum . medicinal product is equivalent to % of hydrocortisone, calculated in. cyclofenil suggested similarity in their effectiveness. Side effects natives to breastfeeding exist may seek lactation suppression on personal or Oral bromocriptine mg twice daily for 14 days (n = 49) versus oral pyridoxine Therefore, mL of breast secretion was manually collected from each woman daily.
add to favorites Should I avoid certain foods while taking Bisoprolol Fumarate? Cars
Should I avoid certain foods while taking Bisoprolol Fumarate? Bisoprolol fumarate and hydrochlorothiazide tablets are indicated for the treatment of hypertension. It combines two antihypertensive agents in a once-daily dosage: a synthetic beta1-selective (cardioselective) adrenoceptor blocking agent (bisoprolol fumarate) and a benzothiadiazine diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide). Bisoprolol fumarate is chemically described as (±)-1-[4-[[2-(1-methylethoxy)ethoxy]methyl]phenoxy]-3-[(1-methylethyl)amino]-2-propanol(E)-2-butenedioate (2:1) (salt). It possesses an asymmetric carbon atom in its structure and is provided as a racemic mixture. The S(-) enantiomer is responsible for most of the beta-blocking activity. Its empirical formula is (C18H31NO4)2•C4H4O4 and it has a molecular weight of 766.97. Its structural formula is:Bisoprolol powder Bisoprolol fumarate is a white crystalline powder, approximately equally hydrophilic and lipophilic, and readily soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, and chloroform. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is 6-Chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide. It is a white, or practically white, practically odorless crystalline powder. It is slightly soluble in water, sparingly soluble in dilute sodium hydroxide solution, freely soluble in n-butylamine and dimethylformamide, sparingly soluble in methanol, and insoluble in ether, chloroform, and dilute mineral acids. Its empirical formula is C7H8ClN3O4S2 and it has a molecular weight of 297.73. Its structural formula is: Inactive ingredients include Corn Starch, Dibasic Calcium Phosphate, Hypromellose, Magnesium Stearate, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Polyethylene Glycol, Polysorbate 80, and Titanium Dioxide. The 10 mg/6.25mg tablet also contains Colloidal Silicon Dioxide. The 5 mg/6.25 mg tablet also contains Colloidal Silicon Dioxide, and Red and Yellow Iron Oxide. The 2.5 mg/6.25 mg tablet also contains Crospovidone, Pregelatinized Starch, and Yellow Iron Oxide. Bisoprolol fumarate and HCTZ have been used individually and in combination for the treatment of hypertension. The antihypertensive effects of these agents are additive; HCTZ 6.25 mg significantly increases the antihypertensive effect of bisoprolol fumarate. The incidence of hypokalemia with the bisoprolol fumarate and HCTZ 6.25 mg combination (B/H) is significantly lower than with HCTZ 25 mg. In clinical trials of bisoprolol fumarate and hydrochlorothiazide tablets, mean changes in serum potassium for patients treated with bisoprolol fumarate and hydrochlorothiazide tablets 2.5/6.25 mg, 5/6.25 mg or 10/6.25 mg or placebo were less than ± 0.1 mEq/L. Mean changes in serum potassium for patients treated with any dose of bisoprolol in combination with HCTZ 25 mg ranged from -0.1 to -0.3 mEq/L. Bisoprolol fumarate is a beta1-selective (cardioselective) adrenoceptor blocking agent without significant membrane stabilizing or intrinsic sympathomimetic activities in its therapeutic dose range. At higher doses (≥ 20 mg) bisoprolol fumarate also inhibits beta2-adrenoreceptors located in bronchial and vascular musculature. To retain relative selectivity, it is important to use the lowest effective dose. Hydrochlorothiazide is a benzothiadiazine diuretic. Thiazides affect renal tubular mechanisms of electrolyte reabsorption and increase excretion of sodium and chloride in approximately equivalent amounts. Natriuresis causes a secondary loss of potassium.
add to favorites Bumetanide Prevents Brain Trauma-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior Cars
Bumetanide Prevents Brain Trauma-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior Brain trauma triggers a cascade of deleterious events leading to enhanced incidence of drug resistant epilepsies, depression, and cognitive dysfunctions. The underlying mechanisms leading to these alterations are poorly understood and treatment that attenuates those sequels are not available. Using controlled-cortical impact as an experimental model of brain trauma in adult mice, we found a strong suppressive effect of the sodium-potassium-chloride importer (NKCC1) specific antagonist bumetanide on the appearance of depressive-like behavior. We demonstrate that this alteration in behavior is associated with an impairment of post-traumatic secondary neurogenesis within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The mechanism mediating the effect of bumetanide involves early transient changes in the expression of chloride regulatory proteins and qualitative changes in GABA(A) mediated transmission from hyperpolarizing to depolarizing after brain trauma. This work opens new perspectives in the early treatment of human post-traumatic induced depression. Our results strongly suggest that bumetanide might constitute an efficient prophylactic treatment to reduce neurological and psychiatric consequences of brain trauma.Bumetanide powder Introduction Brain trauma is the main cause of disability all over the world with a very high prevalence in developed countries (Meyer et al., 2008; Bondi et al., 2015). According to the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Meyer et al., 2008), brain trauma classification is based on multiple factors such as altered neurological functions, brain area of interest and genetic variations. Altogether, these factors lead to highly individualized injuries. Sequels of trauma include low prevalence post-traumatic epilepsies (PTEs), with a severity and occurrence dependent on trauma severity (Kelly et al., 2015; Bragin et al., 2016), and cognitive dysfunctions and depression-like phenotypes are also commonly associated (Peeters et al., 2015; Perry et al., 2015; Stein et al., 2015). Following brain trauma, neuronal cell death occurs and more particularly within the neurons of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (Ren et al., 2015; Samuels et al., 2015), leading to hippocampal volume reduction (Samuels et al., 2015; Anacker and Hen, 2017). These observations could be related to changes in post-traumatic neurogenesis in the hippocampus. This has been proposed to be a useful marker of therapeutic treatment efficacy (Brandon and McKay, 2015; Alvarez et al., 2016). In a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, GABAergic signaling is affected through chloride homeostasis impairment triggered by a down regulation of the main neuronal-specific chloride and potassium extruder, KCC2, and up regulation of the chloride importer NKCC1, respectively (Medina et al., 2014). Similar changes in GABAergic transmission have been reported in a different model of brain trauma (Ben-Ari, 2017). This leads to depolarization and also an excitatory action of GABA that could perturb the generation of behaviorally relevant oscillations and integrative properties of brain networks (Rivera et al., 1999; Luscher et al., 2011; Kahle et al., 2013; Medina et al., 2014; Ben-Ari, 2017). These shifts have been observed notably in developmental disorders including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) (Tyzio et al., 2014), stroke (Jaenisch et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2016) and epilepsy (Pallud et al., 2014; Tyzio et al., 2014; Kelley et al., 2016). The interaction between major depressive disorders (MDDs) and GABAergic neurotransmission has been suggested in a genetic mice model of GABA(B)-R knock-out (Mombereau et al., 2005) and in studies showing an antidepressant effect of potent and selective blockage of GABA(A) transmission (Rudolph and Knoflach, 2011) at both the hippocampus (Boldrini et al., 2013) and mesolimbic system (Kandratavicius et al., 2014). In addition, several observations link chloride homeostasis to secondary neurogenesis through GABA(A) neurotransmission (Luscher et al., 2011; Ostroumov et al., 2016). The generation of new neurons within the DG requires different steps: first, the transition from quiescent to proliferative progenitors, then their differentiation to immature neurons in a GABAergic-dependent manner (Chell and Frisén, 2012; Moss and Toni, 2013). In that context, it’s well-accepted that brain trauma alters neurogenesis (Perry et al., 2015; Stein et al., 2015). In the past decade, the relationship between GABA neurotransmission and neurogenesis has been well-established. Ge and collaborators have shown that GABA receptors are expressed in the progenitor cells and that GABA itself, either ambient or synaptically-released GABA, could act at different steps during neurogenesis from proliferation to cell differentiation and finally synaptic integration (Ge et al., 2006; Anacker and Hen, 2017). In addition, the GABAergic polarity acts on the cell integration (Ge et al., 2006) but also in cell proliferation (Sun et al., 2012), thus establishing a causal link between cell cycling and cell cycle exit on depolarizing GABA condition (Scharfman and Bernstein, 2015; Hu J.J. et al., 2017). Apart from the monoamine hypothesis, a new theory based on the GABA release itself has been proposed to contribute to depression. GABA release has been demonstrated to be impaired in psychiatric disorders and particularly in depression (Luscher et al., 2011; Gabbay et al., 2012). More particularly, the GABAergic receptors have been shown to be decreased in expression and function in the dentate gyrus of depressed patients (Luscher et al., 2011; Lüscher and Fuchs, 2015) and brain tissues collected from suicide patients with a history of depression and anxiety (Merali et al., 2004). One of the first phenomenon linking depression and the hippocampus is the change in hippocampal volume observed both in rodent and in human (Savitz et al., 2010; Schuhmacher et al., 2013; Roddy et al., 2018). This is a common trait observed when the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is impaired. Other brain regions such as cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex or even amygdala are also associated with depression (Drevets et al., 2008). In addition to volume changes other functions are changed in the hippocampus of animal displaying DLB, e.g., modified volume (Roddy et al., 2018), impaired GABAergic function (Merali et al., 2004), increase in excitability and monoamine dysfunction (Samuels et al., 2015) as well as impaired secondary neurogenesis and cognitive deficit (Ferguson et al., 2016; Anacker and Hen, 2017). Taken together, this makes the hippocampal formation a important and valuable structure to study depression in TBI models. Parvalbumin-containing interneurons are the principal source of GABA release within the dentate gyrus and thus potential candidates to explain controlled-cortical impact (CCI)-induced dysregulations through their role in the synchronicity of hippocampal networks (Curia et al., 2008; Drexel et al., 2011; Shiri et al., 2014). Moreover, it is accepted that the activity of this class of interneurons could act on secondary neurogenesis by providing a source of ambient GABA (Song et al., 2012; Butler et al., 2016; Hu D. et al., 2017; Pérez-Domínguez et al., 2017), but little is known about the relationship that exists between parvalbumin-containing interneurons and the establishment of post-traumatic depression (Earnheart et al., 2007; Luscher et al., 2011; Fenton, 2015). Moreover, in human depression, their action is far from being established (Khundakar et al., 2011; Pehrson and Sanchez, 2015; Smiley et al., 2016). Interestingly, the NKCC1 chloride importer antagonist bumetanide has been shown to attenuate many disorders like ASD, Parkinson’s disease, and schizophrenia as well as some CCI-induced consequences. This stresses the therapeutic potential of restoring low (Cl-)i levels and an efficient GABAergic inhibition (Lemonnier et al., 2013, 2016; Damier et al., 2016; Xu et al., 2016; Ben-Ari, 2017). Although, it has been previously shown that bumetanide could have various positive effects on TBI models (Hui et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2017) and could also act on secondary neurogenesis in stroke condition (Xu et al., 2016), yet nothing is known about the early action of this compound prior to the establishment of depressive-like behaviors (DLB). Our results showed that brain trauma disrupts chloride homeostasis, leading to hippocampal network disturbances and impaired neurogenesis associated with DLB. Early restoration of chloride homeostasis, using the NKCC1 inhibitor bumetanide rapidly after trauma, attenuates the severity of post-traumatic alterations notably by reducing interneuron loss. This, taken together, suggests a therapeutic potential of this FDA-approved compound after trauma.
add to favorites Carteolol Hydrochloride Cars - Economy cars
Carteolol Hydrochloride Carteolol hydrochloride is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent. Carteolol Hydrochloride is a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent for beta-1 and beta-2 receptors with no membrane-stabilizing activity but moderate intrinsic sympathomimetic effects.Carteolol powder References 1: Chikama T, Araie M, Nishida T. [Influence on ocular surface and intraocular pressure of switching from preservative-containing to preservative-free carteolol hydrochloride ophthalmic solution]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 2013 May;117(5):419-26. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 23855234. 2: Yao Q, Yu X, Zheng T, Liu H, Yang Y, Yi P. Spectroscopic studies on the interaction of carteolol hydrochloride and urea-induced bovine serum albumin. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2013 Sep;113:447-51. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.04.129. Epub 2013 May 16. PubMed PMID: 23747387. 3: Ishida S, Mochimaru H, Nagai N, Noda K, Ozawa Y. [Effects of carteolol hydrochloride on experimental choroidal neovascularization]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 2011 Apr;115(4):355-61. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 21598603. 4: Kaji Y, Kiuchi T, Oshika T. Carteolol hydrochloride suppresses the generation of reactive oxygen species and rescues cell death after ultraviolet irradiation of cultured lens epithelial cells. Open Ophthalmol J. 2010 Oct 12;4:60-5. doi: 10.2174/1874364101004010060. PubMed PMID: 21283534; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3031156. 5: Kawase K, Yamamoto T, Muramatsu T, Ono J, Nakajima T, Matsuhisa A, Sugiura T, Migita M, Ishikawa Y. [Long-acting carteolol hydrochloride 2% ophthalmic solution phase IV study--investigation of the effectiveness, safety and plasma concentration]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 2010 Nov;114(11):976-82. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 21141077. 6: Nakamoto K, Yasuda N. Effect of carteolol hydrochloride on 24-hour variation of intraocular pressure in normal-tension glaucoma. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2010 Mar;54(2):140-3. doi: 10.1007/s10384-009-0780-6. Epub 2010 Apr 18. PubMed PMID: 20401563. 7: Shapiro MK, Gorn R. The possible treatment of migraine with carteolol hydrochloride. Headache. 1999 Feb;39(2):138-9. PubMed PMID: 18567128. 8: El-Kamel A, Al-Dosari H, Al-Jenoobi F. Environmentally responsive ophthalmic gel formulation of carteolol hydrochloride. Drug Deliv. 2006 Jan-Feb;13(1):55-9. PubMed PMID: 16401594. 9: Kuwahara K, Oizumi N, Fujisawa S, Tanito M, Ohira A. Carteolol hydrochloride protects human corneal epithelial cells from UVB-induced damage in vitro. Cornea. 2005 Mar;24(2):213-20. PubMed PMID: 15725891. 10: Kawai K, Kuwahara K, Oizumi N, Kitagaki H, Fujisawa S. Effects of carteolol hydrochloride on the in vitro production of LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines by murine macrophage. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Jun;20(3):237-45. PubMed PMID: 15279728.
add to favorites High Quality API Carvedilol Phosphate Hemihydrate Powder Cars
High Quality API Carvedilol Phosphate Hemihydrate Powder Carvedilol phosphate is a kind of selective blockade alpha 1 - receptor and nonselective beta blockers, no inherent to the sympathetic activity drugs, bioavailability of 10 ~ 47%, and is not affected by food, significantly lower than the action of the alpha 1 - receptor beta 1 - and 2 - receptor beta, the block 1 - and the strength of the beta 2 - receptor beta ratio of 1:10 ~ 1:100, block 1 - the role of receptor beta about 1/2 of labetalol and its weak prazosin alpha 1 block effect. It can dilate blood vessels, reduce peripheral vascular resistance, dilate coronary arteries and renal vessels, and reduce pulmonary wedge pressure. It has obvious protective effect on myocardial injury caused by myocardial hypoxia and myocardial infarction, which may be related to blocking -receptors, reducing the decrease of myocardial glycogen and the increase of pH, and reducing the infarct area. Function Carvedilol phosphate is used to treat mild to moderate hypertension and can be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive drugs (especially thiazide diuretics). For symptomatic chronic congestive heart failure. Carvedilol has strong heart and neuroprotective effects: unlike normal β-receptor antagonists, long-term use of this product in hypertensive patients can not only dilate coronary and renal vessels, reduce peripheral vascular resistance, but also reduce systemic circulation. And pulmonary circulation resistance, effectively control high blood pressure. This product has a protective effect on renal function, does not change renal blood flow, but reduces microalbuminuria, reduces renal vascular resistance, and has a good regulatory effect on blood lipids.
add to favorites Why the experts say Acer is unlikely to get FDA nod for vEDS drug Cars
Why the experts say Acer is unlikely to get FDA nod for vEDS drug Acer Therapeutics’ Edsivo (celiprolol) is not expected to win approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (vEDS), as the registrational trial was too small and not well-controlled, according to experts.Celiprolol Ehlers-Danlos syndrome treatment EDS is a group of rare inherited conditions that affect connective tissue, of which vEDS is a rare type that is often considered to be the most serious. It affects the blood vessels and internal organs, which can cause them to split open and lead to life-threatening bleeding, according to the National Health Service. An analyst report was optimistic about Edsivo’s FDA approval. It noted the previous data, as well as the fact that the drug is used as an off-label treatment in Europe and there is an unmet need in the US.Celiprolol is approved as a beta-blocker for hypertension. However, while one expert interviewed expressed hope for approval based on off-label use and unmet need, she declined to comment on the data’s validity. Trial size too small Other experts interviewed said that given the trial comprised of 53 patients, the Phase IV trial (NCT00190411) was too small even for a rare disease like vEDS.Furthermore, far fewer patients were recruited than the initial number needed to power the trial appropriately, said one of the experts. Additionally, many more patients with the collagen 3A1 (COL3A1) gene mutation was in the control group with no beta blockers rather than the Edsivo group, said the experts.The COL3A1 mutation defines patients with vEDS, and thus non-vEDS patients may also have been included in the trial, one of the experts noted. In terms of safety, while all the experts agreed that the trial results showed no red flags, two pointed to recently presented mouse data showing that Edsivo may increase death. While the data gave one of them pause, another expert cautioned on translating those results to humans. Acer submitted a New Drug Application (NDA) to the FDA in October 2018 and has requested priority review for Edsivo, which could result in a late second quarter 2019 FDA review date, according to a company press release.Sales are predicted to reach $400 million, according to the analyst report. Acer’s market capitalisation is $239 million. Acer declined an invitation to comment for this article. Efficacy data not robust enough The study that the approval of Edsivo would be based on was not well-designed, with an overall small trial size, said vEDS expert Dr Harry Dietz, Co-director of the Medical Genetics Fellowship Training Programme and Professor of Paediatrics at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, US.Only 53 patients were enrolled in the trial, indicating recruitment was likely to have been challenging, said Dietz, pointing out the trial was almost half the size that was initially targeted. Lancet paper findings The trial powering was based on enrolling at least 50 vEDS patients in each group, as 40 primary events were needed to achieve a power of 80% as cited in the Lancet paper where the study is published (Ong, K. et al. 2010 Oct 30; 376 (9751): 1476-84). Additionally, the number of patients with vEDS is very low, which may have been the reason why so few patients were enrolled in the study, said Dr Paul Grossfeld, Pediatric Cardiologist with the Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California and Francesca Cortini, PhD, Research Fellow at the University of Milan, Italy.The Lancet paper stated that there were 87 individuals eligible for the study but 12 refused to participate and four were unable to move. Eighteen subjects who were previously treated with beta blockers were included in the follow-up cohort. The frequency of vEDS is estimated to be 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 200,000 (Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2017 Mar; 175 (1): 40-47).While the major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) primary measure is clinically significant, it can pose difficulties in recruiting patients, as an aortic dissection over five years is difficult to find, said Dr Grossfeld. The MACE outcome measure in the clinical trials is a composite of clinical events that occur in patients. The Lancet paper stated that the reduction in the MACE primary outcome measure at a five-year follow-up was reached by five (20%) in the Edsivo group and by 14 (50%) controls (hazard ratio [HR] 0.36; 95% confidence interval [CI]; p=0.04), which is not a sufficient set of data to gain FDA approval, according to Dr Dietz and Dr Grossfeld.The results indicate there were more patients on the placebo arm who had aortic rupture than the Edsivo arm, the expert added. Besides the low patient figures, the imbalance between the experimental and control arms in terms of patients with the COL3A1 mutation means the results are also insufficient for FDA approval, said Dr Dietz and Dr Grossfeld.Another study with the same number of patients with the mutation in each group or higher for both groups would be needed to identify the true Edsivo effects. In the treatment group, 53% of the 25 patients in the Edsivo group had the mutation, while in the placebo group, 71% out of 28 patients had the mutation, the Lancet paper reported.A trial that compares only patients with the COL3A1 mutation to placebo patients can best identify any clinically significant benefit with Edsivo, said Dr Grossfeld. Furthermore, when patients do not have the COL3A1 mutation but exhibit similar symptoms, then they may have another disorder such as Loeys-Dietz syndrome. Therefore, some of the trial’s patients may have not even had vEDS. In its press releases, Acer has not indicated another trial would be run; rather it says the data in the Lancet paper, with an Acer-sponsored retrospective source verified analysis of the trial data and manufacturing, non-clinical and other components of the regulatory package, will go into the NDA. While Ms Cortini did not comment on the results’ potential to trigger FDA approval, she said she hoped Edsivo would be approved, as it has been used in Europe as an off-label treatment. In fact, she noted, it is the standard of care for vEDS in France.
add to favorites Antiaging Motherwort Herb Extract Powder Cars
Antiaging Motherwort Herb Extract Powder Used to strengthen the immune system, antibacterial role. -Motherwort extract is valuable in the stimulation of delayed or suppressed menstruation, especially where there is anxiety or tension involved.Antiaging Powder -Motherwort extract is a useful relaxing tonic for aiding in menopausal changes. Motherwort extract contains Leonurine which is a uterine stimulant. -As well known, as a supplement designed for promoting natural breast enlargement and female breast enhancement. -Motherwort extract can slow down the heart rate, against experimental myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia, anti-anginal and reduced myocardialinfarct size. -A role in the treatment of acute renal failure, motherwort can improve renal function, Leonurine significant diuretic effect. Application: -Applied in food field, boiled eggs with motherwort is a good way to treat dysmenorrheal. -Applied in health product field, motherwort honey is a good female health food, which helps to regulate menstruation nourishing. -Applied in pharmaceutical field, motherwort tablets, granules, injection, capsule medicine for the treatment of gynecological diseases. -Applied in cosmetic field, motherwort can be used as beauty products to make some one looks younger Packing: Packaged in the net vacuum aluminum foil bag then packed in carton. Storage: Keep tightly sealed. Stored in a cool dry place, protected from light, heat and oxygen. The preferred temperature is below 10℃ after open it.
add to favorites Nootropic Powder J147 with Top Quality Cars
Nootropic Powder J147 with Top Quality J 147 is a novel neurotrophic drug for cognitive enhancement and Alzheimer's disease. J147 is an exceptionally potent, orally active and broadly neuroprotective compound has the ability to enhance memory in normal animals as well as to prevent memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) transgenic mice. The neurotrophic and memory-enhancing activities of J147 are associated with an increase in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and the expression of BDNF responsive proteins, the enhancement of LTP, the preservation of synaptic protein, the reduction of amyloid plaques. 147 (CAD-031) is a Curcumin and Cyclohexyl-Bisphenol A (CBA) derivative that is a potent neurogenic and neuroprotective drug. It was developed for the use of treating neurodegenerative conditions associated with aging. Unlike the current drugs approved for Alzheimer's Disease, J147 is neither an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor nor a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, yet it enhances cognition with a short-term treatment. J147 can cross the BBB into the brain (strong) and induce neuronal stem cell production. Function: Enhance mental intelligence; Boost memory and leaning capabilities;Improve brain power to solve problems and protect it from any chemical or physical injury;Enhance motivation level;Enhance the control of cortical/subcortical brain mechanism;Improve sensory perception.
add to favorites High Quality Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cars - Economy cars
High Quality Alpha-Lipoic Acid Glutathione Skin Whitening is a tripeptide that contains an unusual peptide linkage between the amine group of cysteine and the carboxyl group of the glutamate side-chain. Glutathione Skin Whitening is an antioxidant, preventing damage to important cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals and peroxides.Alpha-lipoic Acid Freeze-dried powder: A sterile injection made by freezing liquid into solid state under aseptic environment and sublimating water to dry under vacuum is a physical state of a component rather than a component. Vitamin c: Natural antioxidant, used to prevent and treat skin sunburn, prevent melanin precipitation, whitening, freckle removal, anti-inflammatory effect. 1. Fast decomposition of melanin in human skin, whitening skin 2. Improve that facial spot and prevent melanin formation 3. Repair damaged cells and delicate skin 4. Inhibiting cell oxidation 5. Promoting Metabolism
add to favorites The Age You Should Start Using Anti-Aging Skin Care Products Cars
The Age You Should Start Using Anti-Aging Skin Care Products The wealth of products available these days to target visible signs of aging such as fine lines, crow’s feet, dark under-eye circles and dull skin are a gift and a curse. The options are so extensive that it can actually feel quite overwhelming figuring out a skin care regimen that works best. So when and where does one begin? Experts agree that skin starts to age around 20 years old, and recommend that you start the road to prevention early. “I recommend my patients to start incorporating anti-aging skin care products in their 20s and 30s, when our skin slowly starts to lose collagen,” says Y. Claire Chang, a board-certified cosmetic dermatologist at Union Square Laser Dermatology in New York City.L(+)-Arginine powder The first step to reduce signs of premature aging is daily sunscreen use. Sun exposure contributes greatly to the skin’s aging process. “The best thing to follow a good skin regimen requires one to wear sunscreen — SPF 50 or higher — and to moisturize daily,” according to board-certified dermatologist Naana Boakye of New Jersey’s Bergen Dermatology. The next step in the anti-aging skin care fight is to identify the best key ingredients in the wide breadth of products available. Boayke, and most skin experts, recommend those with vitamin A derivatives like retinol, retinyl esters or retinaldehyde to improve fine lines and skin laxity. She explains: “Oxidative stress/UV radiation plays an important role in the skin aging process by creating enzymes that degrade collagen and elastin which ultimately lead to pigmentation and wrinkles. Wrinkle-fighting creams that contain vitamin A derivatives can promote new deposition of collagen and prevent its degradation by increasing Type I procollagen.” Collagen is a protein that gives skin its elasticity and firmness, which makes the skin appear more youthful. In a nutshell: start with retinol. How you layer products is also key to getting the highest return on your skin care investment. “After cleansing, the layering should go as follows: In the morning — exfoliator, toner, serum or gel, cream, any treatment product and then sunscreen. In the evening — exfoliator, toner, serum or gel, cream, retinoid,” says Natasha Sandy of PolisheD Dermatology. Keep in mind that some concentrations of key ingredients can be irritating to certain skin types, so a pea-sized amount can go a long way. Key ingredients to keep an eye out for when scanning the label of anti-aging products, include hyaluronic acid, antioxidants like ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and vitamin E, glycolic acid, peptides and ceramides. We’ve rounded up a list of some of the best anti-aging products on the market, along with the benefits of each of these key ingredients — shop them below! Yahoo Lifestyle’s shopping team is committed to finding you the best products at the best prices. We may receive a share from purchases made via links on this page. Antioxidants like vitamins E and C protect the skin from free radicals that damage cells, and vitamin A increases cell turnover (how we produce new skin cells). With a potent concentration of both, plus a safflower oil base, this vegan treatment oil comes highly recommended for individuals with sensitive skin. Use of this product can improve overall skin texture, minimize fine lines, brown spots and large pores, and stimulate collagen production. “Sun protection is the easiest way to protect the skin from aging, and should be started as early as possible,” says Chang. You can’t go wrong with anti-aging skincare that combines moisture and sun protection, and Neutrogena Hydro Boost Water Gel Lotion SPF 50 offers both, with the added bonus of being water light and virtually invisible under makeup. That means none of those white streaks or greasy residue that we normally see after applying sunscreen. Hyaluronic acid sounds scary, but it’s actually a powerful moisturizer and assists with intense hydration of the skin. “As we age, our skin loses hydrating elements, including ceramides and hyaluronic acid,” says Chang. So, it’s important to use products that replace those “elements.” CeraVe also contains ceramides, which seal in moisture, so this is a great product for those with extremely dry skin. And with a high concentration of hyaluronic acid, this serum hydrates and protects the skin, improving the appearance of dry lines. Glycolic acid is an effective chemical exfoliant that gets rid of dead skin, boosts collagen and elastin production and evens the skin’s texture and tone, which is huge when addressing hyperpigmentation. The Ordinary is a brand known for its no-frills product range, and this toning solution acts as a mild chemical exfoliant. People with deeper, darker complexions tend to show signs of aging like hyperpigmentation more so than those with lighter complexions, and green tea helps to calm that inflammation and even the skin tone. Mario Badescu’s cult facial spray contains aloe, green tea and cucumber to calm, protect and hydrate the skin. Sandy also highly recommends adding products with green tea and caffeine for those in their 40s because they aid in cell regeneration.
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Nootropics Smart Drugs Coluracetam for Brain Improve Coluracetam (BCI-540) is a nootropic drug of the racetam family.Coluracetam (formerly known as MKC-231) was initially developed and tested by the Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation for Alzheimer's disease. Coluracetam enhances high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) which is the rate-limiting step of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis, and is the only known choline uptake enhancer to currently exist. Studies have shown Coluracetam to improve learning impairment on a single oral dose given to rats which have been exposed to cholinergic neurotoxins. Subsequent studies have shown that it may induce long-lasting procognitive effects by changing the choline transporter regulation system. Appllication: Coluracetam can enhance mental intelligence Coluracetam can boost memory and leaning capabilities Coluracetam Improve brain power to solve problems and protect it from any chemical or physical injury Coluracetam can enhance motivation level Coluracetam can enhance the control of cortical/subcortical brain mechanism Coluracetam can improve sensory perception
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Buy Sarms AC-262536 Powder Online AC262536 Perhaps the most significant positive effect of AC-262536 is its ability to boost muscle growth. Studies show that mice that were injected with this type of SARM experienced a considerable muscle growth of as much as 66% compared to the introduction of testosterone.AC-262536 Other AC-262536 Powder benefits include: helping improve the function of the hippocampus (which could stave off the onset of Alzheimer's disease) and the possible prevention of prostate cancer. Tests data reveal that this SARM can suppress the activity of dihydroxytestosterone (DHT) in the human prostate cancer cell. Scientists also found out that AC-262536 Powder 's effects in keeping the prostate's ideal size were 14x weaker AC-262536 Dosage Guidelines Now while AC-262536 is still considered as a research chemical, there are already people who use it for performance and strength-enhancing purposes. It is reported that the typical dose of this SARM is about 10 to 30 milligrams per day.
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Buy Fat Burning Powder Lorcaserin HCl for Human Weight Loss Product Name: Lorcaserin Hydrochloride Alias: (1R) -8-Chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-methyl-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride; APD 356; APD-356; UNII-0QJF08GDPE; Lorcaserin HCl; (R) - 1H-3-Benzazepine, 8-Chloro-2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-1-Methyl-, Hydrochloride CAS: 846589-98-8 Molecular Formula: C11H14ClN·ClH Molecular Weight: 232.1525 Chemical Property:White Powder shipping Express:EUB,HKEMS,EMS,DHL,TNT,Fedex,Aramex,UPS,etc. payment methods:Western Union,T/T,Bitcoins,MoneyGram,Alipay,paypal. Manufacturers:HK China Usage:Lorqess is a weight-loss drug developed by Arena Pharmaceuticals. It has serotonergic properties and acts as an anorectic. Weight Loss Steroids Lorcaserin Hydrochloride With 99.70% Purity Gear Steroid Powder Description Lorcaserin Hydrochloride (Belviq) is an FDA-approved prescription weight-loss medication that, when used with diet and exercise, can help some overweight† adults with a weight-related medical problem, or obese adults, lose weight and keep it off. It is not known if BELVIQ when taken with other prescription, over-the-counter, or herbal weight-loss products is safe and effective. It is not known if BELVIQ changes your risk of heart problems, stroke, or death due to heart problems or stroke.weight loss powder BELVIQ is an FDA-approved prescription weight-loss medication that, when used with diet and exercise, can help some overweight† adults with a weight-related medical problem, or obese adults, lose weight and keep it off. It is not known if BELVIQ when taken with other prescription, over-the-counter, or herbal weight-loss products is safe and effective. It is not known if BELVIQ changes your risk of heart problems, stroke, or death due to heart problems or stroke. Belviq (lorcaserin hydrochloride) is a serotonin 2C receptor agonist. It has been shown to decrease food consumption and promote satiety by selectivelyactivating serotonin 2C receptors in the brain. Belviq is specifically indicated as an adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity for chronic weight management in clinically obeseadults (BMI of 30 kg/m2 or greater) and overweight adults (BMI of 27 kg/m2 or greater) with at least one weight-related comorbid condition. Belviq is supplied as a tablet designed for oral administration. The recommended dose is one 10mg tablet twice daily. Use of Belviq should be discontinued if 5%weight loss is not achieved by week 12 of treatment.
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Naltrexone Lorcaserin HCl Name: 2-chloro-N-(4-chlorophenethyl)propan-1-amine hydrochloride; intermediate of Lorcaserin CAS: 953789-37-2 Chemical Formula: C11H16Cl3N Molecular Weight: 268.61 Purity(HPLC): 99.0% Character: white powder Introduction: Lorcaserin hydrochloride is a kind of white solid. Lorcaserin hydrochloride IUPAC name is (R)-1h-3-benzazepine,8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-methyl-,hydrochloride. It belongs to APIs. Lorcaserin is the abbreviation of lorcaserin hydrochloride.Lorcaserin hcl Lorcaserin is a kind of Intermediates and named "(±)-8-Chloro-1-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride (N-1)". Lorcaserin is a weight-loss drug. It has serotonergic properties and acts as an anorectic. In October 2010, the FDA stated that it could not approve the application for lorcaserin in its present form. Function and usage: Lorcaserin is used to help adults who are obese or who are overweight and have weight-related medical problems to lose weight and keep from gaining back that weight. Lorcaserin must be used along with a reduced calorie diet and an exercise plan. Lorcaserin is in a class of medications called serotonin receptor agonists. It works by increasing feelings of fullness so that less food is eaten.
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SOMETHING NEW Wedding dresses with pockets are now a thing STOP EVERYTHING so one of my friends got married yesterday and she had POCKETS ON HER WEDDING DRESS which is just the best thing I have ever seen Usually a handbag would suffice, but on your big day you aren't usually afforded this luxury (unless you've got a very helpful maid of honour). But here's a game changer - a wedding dress, with POCKETS. Twitter user Esther Kezia Thorpe brought the revelation to our attention, posting a snap of her friend on her wedding day last week with her hands casually tucked in her pockets. She described the gown as "the best thing I have ever seen" - and many fellow social media users agreed.In fact, it's generated a whole hashtag dedicated to "wedding dresses with pockets".One Twitter user wrote in response to Esther's post: "I tell this to everyone but my wife added pockets to her wedding dress 'for cake'." Another commented: "I mean... if you’re going spend as much as we end up spending on a single dress, it better have pockets!"It certainly seems to be a growing trend - and requirement - among brides. Christina Sancha, sales manager at London bridal boutique Sassi Holford, told The Times: "Customers get very excited when they try on a dress with pockets.www.eisenge.com
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Is VPN Enough to Protect Me Against Hackers? VPNs can protect you against hackers/online attackers by encrypting your traffic and confidential data. The VPNs are however not antivirus/antimalware on their own so that they won't keep your computer/laptop off virus and malware. Because of this, it's always critical that you install a powerful antivirus on your computer or mobile device to help you defend against malware and viruses on the internet. What's the Best Free VPN? Typically, there's nothing like best free VPN. Experts advise that you avoid the free VPNs since they're major targets for dangerous viruses and malware on the web. Besides, most of them don't have reliable support. They're also more likely to overload your traffic with lots of ads which may slow down the loading speed, and even allow room for your computer/mobile device to be injected with viruses. Here is a breakdown of other creative ways to make use of a VPN service. 1.Unblocking Restricted Sites There are tons of reasons why you may be restricted from accessing your favorite websites. These issues run the gamut from internet settings on your side to a problem on your Internet Service Provider (ISP)'s end. Your ISP may also block your favorite website, especially if your school/campus puts a restriction on the sites you shouldn't visit. Here's where the VPN technology comes in handy. It will hide your identity to grant you access to the web contents which are hidden from you. To achieve this, you must download and install the VPN app on your mobile phone or computer. 2.Remote Control Access Remote control access is a trending topic among tech-savvy executives. It does not only help you reduce costs due to travel expenses and allowances etc. but also enables you to get the best from your employees. With the current technological advancements, today it's easier to access machines like computers from home making work from home as productive as working from the office. Remote control access' weakness is, however, online security. It will allow you to connect and control computers remotely or even share files, but expose you to some online risks. A good example is Man in The Middle Attack (MiTM), where an online thief can intercept your connection and steal or manipulate the data you share over the network for their own evil deeds. In this case, a good VPN software will encrypt your data to keep it safe from eavesdroppers and hackers to make remote control access easy and risk free. 3.Browsing anonymously Do you ever wonder how to hide track of the sites you visit? Well, a VPN could be the tool you need. It will help you hide your browsing history so hackers cannot gain access to your data from the sites you visit. This is critical in safeguarding your confidential data like credit card numbers and login details etc. By masking your Internet activities, the VPNs also come in handy when you need to keep of government agencies like the National Security Agency (NSA) from spying on your Internet activity. It doesn't end there, though. Most people also use these tools to hide data from the ISPs, which may sell these data to third party companies and use them for their own selfish motives. Finally, it is also an excellent tool which you can use to avoid getting targeted ads. For this role, it masks your identity and data to prevent anybody on the network from tracing you. 4.Modifying your IP Address Ever tried to access a site but got a notification telling you that the service is not available in your region? Well, that's known as geo-restriction. In most cases, companies employ it to filter traffic from IPs which could put them at risk of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. This way, they blacklist certain countries and probably your country was in the blacklist. Don't fret, though. You only need a VPN to bypass this restriction and get on with your activities. Here's how to go about this; Step 1: Download and install the VPN on your device. Step 2: Launch it. Step 3: Look for the country where the website is based on the list of countries supported by the VPN. Step 4: Select the country then wait for the tool to establish a connection. After establishing a connection, you'll get a notification that the connection is complete and just like that; you've modified your IP address. Which is the Best VPN to Buy? Your choice of a VPN to buy basically depends on the needs you have at hand. There are two types of VPNs you can choose from, I.e., Remote Access VPN and Site-to-Site VPN. Remote Access VPN This VPN is designed to help you connect to private networks so you can remotely use the resources and services offered on the site. This connection is done over the internet and made private and secure. The common use cases for remote access VPNs are employees connecting to their company's private networks so they can access essential resources and files remotely. It's also a viable option if you're looking to bypass geolocation filters and access sites which are blocked from your country. Site to Site VPN The site-to-site VPN is also known as Router-to-Router VPN. It's a popular option in companies with offices located in different geographical regions. The site-to-site VPN will help you connect networks to different offices in varied locations When used in connecting various offices for an individual company, it's referred to as Internet-based-VPN. If one company uses it in connecting with a different company's office, it's referred to as Extranet-based-VPN. It virtually bridges the gap between geographically far different offices connecting them to the internet and still maintaining a private and secure connection. Note that site to site VPN relies on a router to router communication. For instance, if you're using two routers: A and B, router A will be used as the VPN client while router B is used as the VPN server. For communication between these two routers to be initiated, both of them must validate the connection. Bottom Line Not all VPNs which promise safe connection out there will deliver. Depending on your needs, be sure to check and confirm that the VPN technology you're investing in is reputable, have friendly support, comes with P2P functionality, easy to use and most importantly has an ultra-high-speed.VPN download https://www.ritavpn.com/blog/ https://www.ritavpn.com/blog/i-am-ritavpn/ https://www.ritavpn.com/blog/internet-security-and-privacy/
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Advantages of an IP Address Location To paraphrase a founding father of the US, popularized by his face being on the $100 bill, Benjamin Franklin: “Those who would sacrifice liberty for security deserve neither.” That being said, there are several apparent benefits of having your IP address location known. These usually have most to do with recognition and speed of service. Servers, especially in the USA without Net Neutrality, tend to prefer some IP addresses and some IP locations. Honestly, this would be most beneficial for a company that has invested heavily in other forms of cybersecurity and already has protocols in place to prevent data leaks. For individuals, who use personal devices, there are few advantages of using a server in your hometown than using one on Guernsey Island off the coast of France, officially a dependency under the Crown of the UK. Better Service Some companies and services will give you additional options if you are using an IP address that they recognize as being safe. For instance, for an IP address 52.34.55.53, Amazon will realize that you are using an IP address that they own, giving you faster access to some of their services. As this is a minor advantage over the holes in cybersecurity opening yourself like this would make, few people use any of those benefits. Most of those who do, do it by accident. Helping Create a Surveillance Society “Some men just want to watch the world burn.” – Alfred Pennyworth Although most countries are still far from dystopian surveillance societies, this is not the type of information you should be giving away. Both governments and corporations are known to want a mile every time an inch has been given, and providing them with constant browsing and location data will end with loads of unwanted consequences. There is already a system of “social credit” established in China, preventing people who don’t act properly from using some public services, like fast trains, airplanes, or theaters. Imagine cutting someone off on the highway prevented you from buying gas for next month as a penalty, that is the consequence of living in a surveillance society. VPN download https://www.ritavpn.com/blog/the-risks-of-shopping-online/ https://www.ritavpn.com/blog/wifi-password-hacker-cause-data-leakage/ https://www.ritavpn.com/blog/3-tips-to-keep-your-children-safe-online/
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GEO IP: THE ORBITAL EYE OF SAURON Those who have frequented conspiracy theory chat rooms in the late nineties might remember the idea that ‘’the Government’’ will place us all in FEMA camps and place a chip inside us that will track our every movement. Well, little did they know that we will be paying good money to carry a geo IP tracker around in our pocket willingly, and would become quite angry when it’s not working so that we can call an Uber. Qwer432 While ranting about Geo-tracking and Geo IP location might sound paranoid, there is actually a good reason why you might want to have your location services masked, or blocked entirely. Needing to type-in your location when ordering an Uber or Dominos is a small price to pay for salvation as you will be saved from spreading your private data and personal IP address everywhere. Thankfully, masking your GeoIP location is as easy as hiding your IP. If you are using a VPN, you can connect through a foreign server and exchange your geographic location to the one of said server. And, if you are using a premium VPN service, you can even connect your whole home to a VPN router, protecting all of your devices. How IP Addresses Show Your Geographic Location? An IP address works in a similar way as an address for a physical residence. Not to enter the dot-decimal explanation too much, the further you go down the numbers the closer to your home you will come, from the main subnet to your internet service provider, to your home modem. And, there is a non-conspiracy explanation for that. Before we had personal names and brand names for web places, there were numbers. In the early days of the internet, it wasn’t enough to type in a part of a website name and let Google finish it off, but you had to input all of the data needed. This included the full IP address, as well as some additional data. While the UI for this system has been changed for a DNS naming system, the IP addresses are still given in the same order. If you are using mobile, the address will not show your exact location, but rather the tower or access point you are connecting to. Thankfully, if you know what is a VPN , you will be able to protect yourself quite easily from all risk connected to geolocation data. What Is Geo IP Used for? Knowing where people are when they access the internet can be quite beneficial and is the sort of data companies and governments fight over regularly. For which purpose your IP location will be used will depend heavily on the approach your government has towards sharing this sort of information with others. For governments and countries that value privacy, ISPs will be able to share your location when subpoenaed by a court. This might be because there is a suspicion that a crime has been committed, or is investigating some type of fraud. Companies like MaxMind even specialize in fraud prevention by using IP geolocation data. Additionally, companies might use the geographic significance of IP addresses to serve targeted ads, as well as pricing. For instance, companies might market bottled water only to western Arizona, and for a higher price, as they know, it is an arid place with low precipitation. Finally, the Geo IP will be used to provide you with specific civil services. If you are contacting an emergency number online, your IP will be used to determine which local emergency option you will get. Technical Reasons Apart from all of the issues IP location might have for our cybersecurity, there are the technical reasons why they exist. Primarily, it is the best way for your computer to be able to find a web place quickly and without flaking too often. Your modem will then present its own IP address and thus gain access to the website, server, app, or some other data stored online. Additionally, it eases the nomenclature of devices quite a bit. In any other case, there would be a need for a global regulating body to give out specific addresses, which is impossible as the Imperium of Man is not yet a thing. With an IP address, each specific region can get a predetermined number of codes, bought by the ISPs and companies, and distributed to their customers. Legitimate Reasons In addition to the computers needing your IP address to communicate and your IP location to know where to send the packets, there are also some valid reasons why a company or a public service might want to see and store your geo IP. First of all, if you are subscribed to a local service, the service provider should be able to ensure that you are, in fact, local. This doesn’t include Uber, as that service works via GPS location, but does include local news. An important feature that uses IP information are Amber Alerts that help find missing children that are missing in an exact location. Finally, some civic and legal options are possible with geotargeting, such as voting and expressing your opinion about local and municipal matters. Allowing only IP addresses from a specific geographic location to cast their vote will prevent foreign meddling. https://www.ritavpn.com/blog/is-your-vpn-protecting-your-privacy-or-not/ https://www.ritavpn.com/blog/how-does-ritavpn-protect-your-privacy/ https://www.ritavpn.com/blog/protect-yourself-when-using-public-wifi/
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P2P FILE SHARING: EVERYONE NEEDS A FRIEND While most people connect P2P file sharing with a certain maritime profession, this sort of communication has a lot of legitimate advantages. From academics to business, P2P sharing can be a safe and reliable way to spread your content worldwide without a need for a dedicated platform. Qwer432 Peer-to-Peer, or P2P, sharing is a useful and ingenious technology, and it will probably be used for a long time in some form, but there are two main issues for all users, regardless of their reasons. The first and primary issue is the national governments worldwide, most of which don’t look fondly on P2P file sharing. The second reason is security. Both when using a direct P2P link and a torrent, your IP address is visible to all other users sharing the same file. In private communication with people, you trust this wouldn’t be an issue, but this is rarely the case. Thankfully, premium VPN providers can both mask your IP address for the one on the servers, and provide you with military-grade encryption to protect your device while sharing. What is a Peer to Peer Network? A P2P connection is quite a simple technology, but one with incredible significance and potential. It wasn’t so much invented as discovered, as early internet developers noticed that server computers could send data as well as receive. This made it possible for each device in the network to become both a client and a server simultaneously. Technically speaking, a P2P network predates the Internet, with ARPANET having a similar system of participating nodes, but without any means of context or content-based routing. First modern P2P networks emerged in the last years of the 2nd millennia, with Napster being the first file sharing system, widely used around the world. While the systems and protocols change and develop through the years, the core idea of P2P networks remains the same. Each user is both sending and receiving information from one or more sources. Solutions to faster and more reliable sharing can become quite technical and rely heavily on the relationship between the internet overlay network on top of the existing physical topology. To have good software, you need to imagine and execute a very complex set of commands. The good thing is that to use this system, regardless of the platform, you just need to have an internet connection, preferably through a proxy, or better a VPN service. The technology behind P2P File Sharing Although the P2P technology itself is quite simple, to share specific files and data, there needs to be a stable platform shared by all parties, as well as a system of nomenclature in place so that everybody knows how the files are marked. There are three types of networks when it comes to P2P, and they describe how the network is structured. Wheatear, a user, will choose a structured or an unstructured network, or a mix of both, will depend on their needs, as well as on accessibility. Finally, the technology used will depend on the type of files being shared, and if there is a dedicated platform, or maybe a primary source of content. Structured Networks Different to most things, too much order on the Internet is not viable when you need to create large systems. While current bandwidths can sustain a relatively large P2P node network, it pales in comparison to its unstructured counterpart. A structured P2P network is placed in a hierarchy using a distributed hash table, or a DHT. This type of network is best used in academia or large organizations where most user devices are constantly online. This way, it is easy to find any data that you need on the network and download it quickly and efficiently, and the system itself will not suffer from a lot of devices opting in and out of the system, which is also called churn. Unstructured Networks Unstructured networks are much more common, with both early and current P2P protocols using it to bring their users together. Protocols like Gnutella and Kazaa are one of the first that used this type in an official capacity. Unstructured networks don’t have a hierarchy, but rather every computer connects itself to the closest peers that have the data that they need by flooding the networks with a request and connecting to only those who answer. The inefficient system used to search for data is the biggest downside of this type of P2P file sharing system, but it also makes it very robust and quite anonymous. Hybrid/Mixed Networks As the name suggests, a hybrid network is a mix of structured and unstructured networks that all share the same data and terminology between them. These networks make compromises between the two models to get the benefits of both as much as possible. In most cases, a hybrid P2P network will be clustered, with each regional cluster being unstructured in its core but having a joint DHT number. Generally, this model works the best for all types of data, as it supports both a large number of users and a set of search and stream functions. Torrents The name torrent, alluding to a quick stream, got its name from the BitTorrent P2P file sharing system, even though most people would imagine it being the other way around. As the extension for torrent files is now very common, it has far surpassed its original developer in popularity. A torrent is a genius solution to efficient search and distribution of P2P sharing files. The torrent file alone has a full index about the data it is sharing and connects to the torrent client, matching others that are online. This way, all users who use the torrent file simultaneously share and download the file, with cryptographic hash values being used to verify the integrity of the file. Finally, if you are using a good torrent VPN, your IP will be masked from other users, but you will not experience any lapse in download or upload speed. As the size of the torrent is exceptionally small, a user can hold a whole Library of Congress worth of data on something equivalent of a floppy disk, which ironically fell out of use roughly at the same time this type of sharing became popular. Reasons to use a VPN for File Sharing There are several reasons why everyone should be using a VPN in general, but when it comes to P2P file sharing, these become even more prominent. Thankfully, using a premium VPN provider all but annuls all of the downsides that come with using a P2P VPN creating a superior experience for anyone. Companies use AES-256 algorithm to place an encryption that would require whole regional systems to break, and it’s being updated and upgraded all of the time. Increased Protection Primarily, we should always try to keep our IP address as private as possible as that makes us less susceptible to hacks and other types of attack. This becomes quite hard when using a torrent, or any other type of P2P connection as your IP address will be blasted through the network. Additionally, since the files shared might conceal a tracker or some other type of spyware, you might be under a direct attack is you are uncertain of the sender, or it someone else is pretending to be the sender. 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