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add to favorites	What Are The Best Public High Schools?	Cars - Economy cars
What Are The Best Public High Schools? Located in New Castle Town, New York, Horace Greeley has some of the highest academic standards in the state. 99% of its students are considered proficient in math and reading. The school’s average SAT score is well above the national average at 1990 (the national average is 1720). The average ACT score at 31 is five points ahead of the national average as well. One of the academic programs the school is known for is the LIFE (Learning Independently From Experience) school, an alternative school located on the campus for grades 11–12 with independent study and senior project options.International high school Named for the former editor of the New York Tribune who popularized the phrase, "Go West, young man, and grow up with the country," Horace Greeley High has excellent educational outcomes as well. With a graduation rate of 98%, many of the students have gone on to study business, psychology, liberal arts and pre-medicine at colleges such as New York University, Cornell, Vanderbilt and the University of Pennsylvania. Conestoga Senior High School, or "Stoga," as it is nicknamed, has a graduation rate of 99% and is nationally recognized for its challenging academics. 35% of students say it is relatively difficult to get mostly A’s at Conestoga. 24 credits are required for graduation and students can choose classes from the Business/Technology, Visual and Performing Arts or Wellness/Fitness/Family & Consumer Science among traditional departments as well. At Stoga, 93% of students are proficient in math and 96% in reading. The school is ranked 1st in Pennsylvania, and 97% of Conestoga graduates advance to colleges and universities, such as John Hopkins, Duke, and the most popular destination: Pennsylvania State University. Just over 4,000 students are enrolled in Illinois’ top public high school, Adlai E. Stevenson High, located in Vernon Township. Stevenson is the only public high school in Illinois to receive four Blue Ribbon Awards for Excellence in Education from the U.S. Department of Education. Stevenson offers over 200 courses in applied arts, communication arts, fine arts, foreign languages, mathematics, physical welfare, science and social science, 20 of which are AP courses. Other opportunities for students include 125 co-curricular clubs and activities in which three-fourths of the student body is involved. With a 92% graduation rate, it’s no surprise that 97% of students go on to study subjects such as business, psychology, biology and engineering at top colleges and universities like the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the University of Wisconsin and Indiana University at Bloomington. Adlai E. Stevenson High is known for the size of its campus (76 acres), which includes a performing arts center that seats 1,200 and an Olympic-sized pool, and for its high level of preparation for the ACTs, SATs and college. The average ACT score here is 30. The high school’s average SAT score is 2130 -- compared to the national average of 1720.Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology is a state-chartered magnet school located in Fairfax County and is ranked #1 in the nation for Best Academics -- Public High Schools in America. The school has a full-day, four-year program unlike most other magnet schools and as the Governor's School for Science and Technology in Northern Virginia (one of 18 Governor’s Schools in the state), it is also supported by the Virginia Department of Education. 99% of students are proficient in both math and reading. Students annually participate in the Thomas Jefferson Symposium to Advance Research (tjSTAR), a day-long symposium during which students share research projects, explore potential careers and learn about future research projects at the school. The curriculum’s primary focus is STEM, including artificial intelligence, neurobiology, DNA science, organic chemistry, linear algebra, marine biology, multivariable calculus and quantum mechanics, most of which are taught at the AP level. The school is also one of the few schools to have a Computer Systems Lab (CSL, often shortened to "syslab") that houses a supercomputer. The graduation rate is 18% above the national average, at 99%, with many students going on to study STEM at schools like the University of Virginia, Virginia Tech and the College of William and Mary. Thomas Jefferson High is considered the 25th Safest Public High School in America, as well as #35 for Best High School Teachers in America.
add to favorites	Xi Jinping Tries to Crash the May Fourth Movement’s Centenary	Cars
Xi Jinping Tries to Crash the May Fourth Movement’s Centenary For China’s aging political leadership, certain anniversaries teeter between the emblematic and the problematic. On Tuesday, President Xi Jinping stood in Beijing’s Great Hall of the People to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the May Fourth Movement, one of the most consequential social protests in Chinese history, in which students agitated against the incompetence of the country’s authoritarian leaders. Xi told “China’s youth” today to love their motherland, and to “obey the party and follow the Party.” He also urged them to study the May Fourth Movement, and added that “those who are unpatriotic, who would even go so far as to cheat and betray the motherland, are a disgrace in the eyes of their own country and the whole world.”To get more may 4th movement, you can visit shine news official website. Xi was taking a risk: the legacy of the May Fourth Movement is a complicated one, and to study its history is to confront the central hypocrisy of the Communist Party. The May Fourth Movement grew out of frustration with foreign aggression and the failure of the government to protect its citizens and its territory. On May 4, 1919, students from Peking University took to the streets to denounce the Treaty of Versailles, which allowed Japan to occupy the former German Concession in the coastal province of Shandong, territory that had been held by the German Empire prior to the First World War, instead of ceding control of it to China. More important, the leaders of the movement declared their ambition to make the country anew: to dismantle the bureaucracies, topple the hierarchies, and emancipate China from its feudal roots. They were joined by thousands of students from other universities, and marched to Tiananmen Square. There was some rioting, and a number of students were beaten and arrested, as the protests spread to other cities, but, after a general strike was called in June, they were released. Their actions are often credited with ushering China into the modern era. The night before the protests, as students assembled in a lecture hall, one of them brandished a knife and declared that he’d rather cut his own throat than endure the pain of witnessing China’s humiliation. But no one embodied the revolutionary fervor more than Chen Duxiu, a dean at the university, who joined a Marxist study group there and published a journal, called New Youth, in which he wrote, “I, with tears, place my plea before the fresh and vital youth, in the hope that they will achieve self-awareness and begin to struggle. What is this self-awareness? It is to be conscious of the value and possibility of one’s young life.” Chen devoted an issue of the journal to a Marxist critique of Chinese society that gained widespread attention and, several months after the protests, he was forced to resign from the university. He was jailed for three months for distributing inciteful literature, and, after his release, moved to the French Concession in Shanghai. Two years later, he became a co-founder of the Communist Party. It’s a matter of some inconvenience for present-day leaders that the Party so quickly became the kind of dictatorial, bureaucratic behemoth that its founders had tried to banish, and that so much of its history betrayed its original principles—during the Tiananmen Square student protests of 1989, which coincided with the seventieth anniversary of the May Fourth Movement, troops fired on crowds of civilians, killing hundreds, perhaps thousands, and thousands more were arrested. And, although Xi has made a show of officially embracing the spirit of May 4th, universities are once again the focus of a crackdown. In March, the prestigious Tsinghua University, whose students had marched in 1919, suspended Xu Zhangrun, a law professor who had published a series of essays denouncing Xi’s authoritarian tendencies. They are the kind of work that would have found a home in New Youth a hundred years ago. Then, earlier this week, six Peking University students disappeared, and are believed to have been detained. They are part of a new movement of young Marxist activists who have taken up the cause of labor conditions in China, working alongside manual laborers and organizing protests. Dozens of them have been detained across the country in recent months. “If doing this kind of manual labor makes me disappear, everyone knows who did it,” Qiu Zhanxuan, the former president of the Peking University Marxist Society, wrote on his social-media page. Chen Duxiu might have recognized this dynamic. He was named the general secretary of the Communist Party, but he clashed with another of the founding members, Mao Zedong, and was pushed out of the position, in 1927. Two years later, Chen was expelled from the Party, on account of his appeal for greater democracy within the ranks. He was later told that he could rejoin if he renounced certain of his positions, but he refused. In 1942, he died, forgotten, in the countryside. After Mao’s death, Chen was rehabilitated as a symbol of patriotism. Were he alive today, however, it’s unclear if he would again accept membership in the Party that he helped found.
add to favorites	China Focus: Digitalizing Chinese Valentine's Day	Cars
China Focus: Digitalizing Chinese Valentine's Day How many roses do you expect from your boyfriend on Qixi, Chinese Valentine's Day? Big data said it probably would be 19.To get more chinese valentine's day, you can visit shine news official website. Known as the Chinese version of Valentine's Day, Qixi originated from a 2,000-year-old love story and falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month on the Chinese lunar calendar, which is Aug. 7 this year. Weeks before the celebration, online sales of relevant gifts have begun to soar, data from major e-commerce platforms showed. On Alibaba's two major e-commerce platforms Tmall and Taobao, sales of Qixi gifts welcomed its peak a week before the festival and registered an increase of 118 percent from the previous year. Among them, domestic products were most popular, with sales of the traditional Han clothing jumping by 184 percent while Chinese rouge, an ancient-style blush, saw its sales up over 37 percent from a year ago. Compared with Western-style Valentine's day, data showed that Chinese couples prefer to celebrate Qixi in a more traditional Chinese way. A report on the consumption habits of the 2018 Qixi published by online food delivery platform Meituan said 42 percent of the food consumption on Qixi in 2018 was spent on Chinese cuisine, while on Western Valentine's day, it was 35 percent. Fresh flowers have always been a hot gift choice among lovers. According to the Meituan report, gift boxes comprised of 19 roses were most popular among male consumers during last year's Qixi festival, followed by boxes of 11 roses and 33 roses, respectively. And sales of beauty services, including manicures, hairdressing and cosmetic services also rose sharply. While many young people purchase gifts for their partners, many choose to embark on a tour to celebrate the festival. Data from the report showed that last year the Happy Valley amusement park in Beijing, Haichang Ocean Park in Qingdao, the Palace Museum, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding as well as the Shanghai Disney Resort were the top five domestic destinations during Qixi. Singapore's Gardens by the Bay was the top overseas destination among Chinese tourists. "High-priced meals, overseas tours, couples photos and night amusement park tours are gaining higher popularity among young people," said the report.
add to favorites	N-PHENYLPIPERIDIN-4-AMINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE CAS 99918-43-1	Cars
N-PHENYLPIPERIDIN-4-AMINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE CAS 99918-43-1 N-Phenylpiperidin-4-AMINE Dihydrochloride; 4-(N-PhenylaMino) piperidine, DIHCl; 4-(phenylamino)piperidine 2HCl; N-Phenylpiperidin-4-yl-amine 2HCl CAS,99918-43-1 MF,C11H16N2.2ClH MW,249.183 Purity,99% Appearance,White Powder Grade,Pharmaceutical Grade Usage,Pharmaceutical Intermediate,Fentanyl Intermediate Laboratory Procedures N-PHENYLPIPERIDIN-4-AMINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE powder is supplied as a crystalline solid. A stock solution may be made by dissolving the 4-anilinopiperidine (hydrochloride) in the solvent of choice. 4-Anilinopiperidine (hydrochloride) is soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, DMSO, and dimethyl formamide, which should be purged with an inert gas. The solubility of 4-anilinopiperidine (hydrochloride) in these solvents is approximately 0.25, 10, and 0.16 mg/ml, respectively. Further dilutions of the stock solution into aqueous buffers or isotonic saline should be made prior to performing biological experiments. Ensure that the residual amount of organic solvent is insignificant, since organic solvents may have physiological effects at low concentrations. Organic solvent-free aqueous solutions of 4-anilinopiperidine (hydrochloride) can be prepared by directly dissolving the crystalline solid in aqueous buffers. The solubility of 4-anilinopiperidine (hydrochloride) in PBS, pH 7.2, is approximately 10 mg/ml. We do not recommend storing the aqueous solution for more than one day. N-Phenylpiperidin-4-Amine Dihydrochloride powder, ( 4-Anilinopiperidine hydrochloride) Description 4-Anilinopiperidine (hydrochloride) (Item No. 20085) is an analytical reference standard that is categorized as an impurity of certain opioids. It has been identified as an impurity of (Item Nos. ISO60197 \| 14719) and its analogs.The physiological and toxicological properties of this compound are not known. This product is intended for research and forensic. Product Name: 4-Anilinopiperidine ,4-(N-Phenylamino)piperidine dihydrochloride CAS: 99918-43-1 Standard: Enterprise Standard Content: 99% Appearance: White powder Packing: 25KG/full cardboard drum chemical properties: white crystalline powder Application: Dicing as a drug R & D ,Fentanyl Intermediate
add to favorites	Huntsman Sheds Intermediates and Surfactants Businesses	Cars
Huntsman Sheds Intermediates and Surfactants Businesses The Woodlands, TX-based Huntsman Corporation announced plans Wednesday to sell its chemical intermediates and surfactants businesses to Indorama Ventures in a $2.076 billion transaction. intermediates Powder Indorama will acquire a number of Huntsman’s production assets in the deal, including production plants in Port Neches, Dayton, and Chocolate Bayou in Texas, Ankleshwar, India, and Botany, Australia. The deal also includes Huntsman’s EO/PO derivatives business. “This is another milestone in our stated strategy to focus more on our downstream and specialty businesses where we will generate more stable margins and consistent, strong free cash flow,” the president and chief executive officer of Huntsman, Peter Huntsman, said in a company press release. “We are committed to retaining our strong investment grade balance sheet, repurchasing our shares, investing in organic research and select capacity expansions and acquiring strategic assets that are accretive to our earnings and create shareholder value.” Huntsman and Indorama anticipate that the deal will close by the end of this year pending the completion of regulatory approvals and customary closing conditions. The transaction will be paid for with $2 billion in cash and up to $76 million in net underfunded pension and other post-employment benefit liabilities.
add to favorites	Procaterol powder (72332-33-3)	Cars
Procaterol powder (72332-33-3) Procaterol powder, a new beta‐2 adrenoceptor stimulant, was studied in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over trial in patients with bronchial asthma. Oral procaterol 50μg b.d., procaterol 100 μg b.d., and terbutaline 5 mg t.i.d., were compared when given randomly in 1‐week treatment periods. The best clinical effect was found with terbutaline. Both anti‐asthmatic and tremorgenic effects of procaterol were dose‐related. Procaterol appeared effective in the doses tested, and a twice daily regimen would appear to be suitable with this drug.Procaterol powder A procaterol-containing preparation for application to the skin which comprises a drug-retaining layer provided on a support, wherein said drug-retaining layer comprises a substantially water-free adhesive gel base comprising as essential components polyacrylic acid, a crosslinking agent and at least one lower alcohol or polyvalent alcohol, and 0.1 to 5% by weight of procaterol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Said preparation for application to the skin can be used as an external preparation for application to the skin which is capable of stably delivering procaterol or a salt thereof through the skin for a long time of period. Procaterol powder is an intermediate-actingβ2 adrenoreceptor agonist used for the treatment of asthma. It has never been filed for FDA evaluation in the United States, where it is not marketed. The drug is readily oxidized in the presence of moisture and air, making it unsuitable for therapeuticuse by inhalation. Pharmaceutical company Parke-Davis/Warner-Lambert researched a stabilizer to prevent oxidation, but an effective one was never developed. It was patented in 1974 and came into medical use in 1980. 06 Procaterol (72332-33-3) Mechanism Of Action Procaterol, A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist and a potentbronchodilator. Procaterol is only found in individuals that have used ortaken thisdrug that may be administered orally or by aerosol inhalation.Beta(2)-receptor stimulation in the lung causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, bronchodilation, and increased bronchial airflow.
add to favorites	Bambuterol Hydrochloride (CAS 81732-46-9) Market	Cars
Bambuterol Hydrochloride (CAS 81732-46-9) Market Bambuterol Hydrochloride (CAS 81732-46-9) market report examines the short-and medium-term economic and profitability outlook for Bambuterol Hydrochloride (CAS 81732-46-9) industry.. Global Bambuterol Hydrochloride (CAS 81732-46-9) Market Report is a professional and comprehensive research report on the world’s major regional market conditions, focusing on the main regions (North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific) and the main countries (United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea and China).bambuterol powder In this report, the global Bambuterol Hydrochloride (CAS 81732-46-9) market is valued at USD XX million in 2019 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2024, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2019 to 2024.The report firstly introduced the Bambuterol Hydrochloride (CAS 81732-46-9) basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. On the basis of product, this Bambuterol Hydrochloride (CAS 81732-46-9) market report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into- On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Bambuterol Hydrochloride (CAS 81732-46-9) for each application, including- Then it analyzed the world’s main region Bambuterol Hydrochloride (CAS 81732-46-9) market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and Bambuterol Hydrochloride (CAS 81732-46-9) industry growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis. The report highlights historic and forecasted market size in terms of revenues & unit sales, average selling price, growth rates, and company market shares. Highlights and compares key application/product categories for growth trends and revenue forecast. Market size, revenue and unit sales according to each region Cross category comparison – Growth and revenue comparison for product categories, historic and forecast through 2024. Market share of top key players Current trends and recent Developments Reasons to Purchase Bambuterol Hydrochloride (CAS 81732-46-9) Market Research Report Develop competitive strategy based on competitive landscape Build business strategy by identifying the high growth and attractive Bambuterol Hydrochloride (CAS 81732-46-9) market categories Identify potential business partners, acquisition targets and business buyers Design capital investment strategies based on forecasted high potential segments Prepare management and strategic presentations using the Bambuterol Hydrochloride (CAS 81732-46-9) market data Plan for a new product launch and inventory in advance
add to favorites	Salmeterol (Advair Diskus) for COPD	Cars
Salmeterol (Advair Diskus) for COPD Fluticasone-salmeterol (brand name, Advair Diskus; GSK) is an inhalation maintenance treatment for breathing difficulties caused by COPD, such as wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing, and chest tightness. It is a combination of an inhaled corticosteroid (fluticasone) with a long-acting bronchodilator (salmeterol). Fluticasone is a corticosteroid that works by reducing airway swelling. Salmeterol is a long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) bronchodilator that works by relaxing and opening the airways to the lungs, making breathing easier.β-agonist Powder The anti-inflammatory activity of fluticasone is what works upon disease processes in COPD, whose inflammatory agents include neutrophils, CD8+ T cells, and macrophages. The effects of corticosteroids in the treatment of COPD, however, are less well-defined than they are in treating asthma. As a selective LABA, salmeterol’s effects are due to the stimulation of an enzyme, called adenyl cyclase, in lung muscle cells (bronchial smooth muscle). This enzyme helps convert adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). When the levels of cAMP increase, the muscle cells relax. Beta2-receptors are predominant in lung muscle cells, but they are also present in the heart, which means salmeterol may have cardiac effects like an irregular heartbeat.The efficacy of two different dosages of fluticasone-salmeterol oral inhalation — Advair Diskus 250 mcg fluticasone propionate/50 mcg salmeterol, and 500/50 mcg — was assessed in six studies in COPD patients age 40 or older. Significantly greater improvements in lung function, as defined by pre- and post-dose FEV1, were seen in patients treated with either dose of Advair, than in those treated with either fluticasone, salmeterol or placebo in two of three trials that focused on lung health; the third such study showed significant improvement with Advair Diskus 500/50 (the only dose tested in this yearlong trial) compared to either medication alone or placebo. Two separate studies that focused on exacerbations in COPD patients tested Advair Diskus 250/50 against salmeterol 50 mcg, and found significantly lower annual rate of moderate or severe COPD flares in those given the combination oral inhalation treatment. Likewise, in one- and three-year studies of this inhalation therapy, fewer COPD flares were also reported in patients treated with either the 250/50 or 500/50 mcg doses than in those given comparator medicines or placebo. No significant differences were seen between the two dose levels. A three-year study of Advair Diskus 500/50 mcg that focused on all-cause mortality did not find significant improvements in survival among those treated with this fluticasone-salmeterol combination, although better pulmonary function was reported in the treatment group compared to patients given salmeterol (50 mcg) or fluticasone propionate (500 mcg) as monotherapy, or placebo.
add to favorites	Mylan Announces FDA Approval of Wixela™ Inhub	Cars
Mylan Announces FDA Approval of Wixela™ Inhub Wixela Inhub will launch in the second half of February incorporating the latest safety information required by FDA earlier this month, which prompted an amendment to the label for certain inhaled corticosteroids, including ADVAIR DISKUS and any generic versions. Wixela Inhub will be available in the 100 mcg/50 mcg, 250 mcg/50 mcg and 500 mcg/50 mcg strengths for asthma patients and the 250 mcg/50 mcg strength for COPD patients.Salmeterol powder Mylan CEO Heather Bresch commented, "Mylan remains steadfast in its efforts to expand patient access to medicines, and the FDA approval of Wixela Inhub reinforces our commitment to provide patients greater choice and lower-cost alternatives. This milestone represents the culmination of an extensive research and development program and Mylan's more than $700 million of investment. We're proud of our Wixela Inhub team, who worked tirelessly and in close collaboration with the FDA to bring this important medicine to market and add it to our growing global portfolio of more than 700 respiratory products. As one of the leading providers of prescription medicines in the U.S., we continue to execute on our mission and do our part to reduce costs for patients and identify pathways that help increase sustainability for the U.S. healthcare system overall." Wixela Inhub is indicated for the twice daily treatment of asthma in patients age 4 and older not adequately controlled on long-term asthma control medications or whose disease warrants initiation of treatment with both inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta agonists; maintenance treatment of COPD; and the reduction of COPD exacerbations in patients with a history of exacerbations. It is not indicated for the relief of acute bronchospasm. Mylan President Rajiv Malik added, "We're pleased to offer the first FDA-approved generic of ADVAIR DISKUS, one of the leading treatments for asthma and COPD management today. We've long been confident in the science around this product and are proud of the dedication of our scientific teams to bring Wixela Inhub to market. This complex product required a rigorous research and development program spanning over a decade and close collaboration with FDA to define the regulatory pathway. We also are proud to manufacture Wixela Inhub in our own state-of-the-art plant. This approval reinforces our ongoing commitment to increase access to more affordable treatment options for patients." The research and development program for Wixela Inhub compared all strengths of treatment to ADVAIR DISKUS in order to meet the FDA requirements of therapeutic equivalence for a substitutable generic. In the 28-day, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study of 1,128 adult asthma patients conducted to evaluate the local (lung) bioequivalence of Wixela Inhub 100 mcg/50 mcg and ADVAIR DISKUS 100 mcg/50 mcg, the two treatments produced equivalent efficacy. Both treatments were safe and well-tolerated with lower numbers of withdrawals due to asthma compared to the placebo group. The study included both naive and current users of ADVAIR DISKUS. "Patients enrolled in clinical trials found Wixela Inhub easy-to-use and highly effective at controlling their asthma in a clinical bioequivalence study. Asthma and respiratory specialists and primary care providers welcome this generic alternative to benefit many patients with asthma and COPD. We have waited for years for generic inhalers to emerge in respiratory medicine," said Edward Kerwin, MD of Crisor LLC, a division of the Clinical Research Institute located in Medford, Ore. and a Clinical Investigator on the Wixela Inhub clinical program.
add to favorites	FDA Approves AirDuo Digihaler	Cars
FDA Approves AirDuo Digihaler Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. (NYSE and TASE: TEVA) announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved AirDuo® Digihaler™ (fluticasone propionate 113 mcg and salmeterol 14 mcg) Inhalation Powder, a combination therapy digital inhaler with built-in sensors that connects to a companion mobile application to provide information on inhaler use to people with asthma. AirDuo Digihaler is indicated for the treatment of asthma in patients aged 12 years and older. AirDuo Digihaler is not used to relieve sudden breathing problems and won’t replace a rescue inhaler.Salmeterol “We are thrilled to be able to expand our Digihaler™ portfolio to now include a maintenance treatment,” said Tushar Shah, M.D., Global Head of Specialty Clinical Development at Teva Pharmaceuticals. “With this approval, patients can now track how frequently they are using their inhalers. Granting patients the ability to track their maintenance inhaler use may help inform conversations with their doctors about treatment adherence and proper technique.” Like ProAir® Digihaler™ (albuterol sulfate 117 mcg) inhalation powder, indicated for the treatment or prevention of bronchospasm in patients aged four years and older with reversible obstructive airway disease, and for prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in patients four years and older, AirDuo® Digihaler™ contains built-in sensors that detect when the inhaler is used and measure inspiratory flow rates. This data is then sent to a companion mobile app using Bluetooth® Wireless Technology so that patients can review their data over time, and if desired, share it with their healthcare providers. Patients can also schedule reminders on their smartphone to take their AirDuo® Digihaler™ as prescribed. “Even the most diligent asthma patients may not realize they are not following their treatment regimen, despite their best efforts,” said Dr. Nabeel Farooqui, MD, FAAAAI, FACAAI, Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine. “The ability to now measure their inspiratory flow rates and track their maintenance medication use, as well as the frequency with which they use their inhaler, may provide important data and insights to help inform treatment discussions with physicians. As a doctor, it’s exciting that my patients are able to share this type of information with me.” The approval of AirDuo Digihaler is based on the review of the supplemental new drug application (sNDA) submitted by Teva to the FDA. AirDuo Digihaler combines a breath-actuated, multi-dose dry powder inhaler with fluticasone propionate, an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) medicine that may help to decrease inflammation in the lungs, which can lead to breathing problems, and salmeterol, a long acting beta2 adrenergic agonist (LABA), which helps the muscles around the airways in the lungs stay relaxed in order to prevent symptoms. AirDuo Digihaler contains salmeterol. LABA medicines such as salmeterol when used alone increase the risk of hospitalizations and death from asthma problems. AirDuo Digihaler contains an ICS and a LABA. When an ICS and a LABA are used together, there is not a significant increased risk in hospitalizations and death from asthma problems. AirDuo Digihaler was approved in a low, medium and high dose: 55/14 mcg, 113/14 mcg and 232/14 mcg administered as one inhalation twice daily. As a fixed dose combination asthma therapy containing an ICS and a LABA, AirDuo Digihaler contains the same active ingredients as Advair Diskus, which is also approved in low, medium and high doses: 100/50 mcg, 250/50 mcg and 500/50 mcg. “For the 25 million Americans living with asthma1, advancements like this one are important and could help patients track their inhaler use and frequency,” said Tonya Winders, President & CEO of the Allergy & Asthma Network. “Allowing patients access to both their rescue and maintenance inhaler use information on their smartphones is a promising step towards potentially fostering greater discussions about asthma management.” “The approval of AirDuo Digihaler is an important step for Teva and the respiratory community to create a technology platform for use in asthma management along with the previously-approved ProAir Digihaler,” said Sven Dethlefs, Executive Vice President, Global Marketing & Portfolio. “This technology aims at delivering innovations through cloud-based services with the target to provide new insights to guide treatment choices for caregivers to help them improve outcomes for asthma patients.”
add to favorites	Fluticasone and Salmeterol Powder for Inhalation	Cars
Fluticasone and Salmeterol Powder for Inhalation AirDuo Respiclick inhalation powder, Teva Respiratory, 232 mcg / 14 mcg, metered dose inhaler, 6 count, NDC 59310-0822-06 Fluticasone propionate / Salmeterol xinafoate inhalation powder, Teva Respiratory, 113 mcg / 14 mcg, metered dose inhaler, 1 count, NDC 00093-3608-82 Reason for the Shortage Teva Respiratory did not provide a reason for the shortage. Other fluticasone and salmeterol dry powder inhalers are not affected by the shortage. Available Products AirDuo Respiclick inhalation powder, Teva Respiratory, 113 mcg / 14 mcg, metered dose inhaler, 6 count, NDC 59310-0812-06 AirDuo Respiclick inhalation powder, Teva Respiratory, 55 mcg / 14 mcg, metered dose inhaler, 1 count, NDC 59310-0805-06 Fluticasone propionate / Salmeterol xinafoate inhalation powder, Teva Respiratory, 232 mcg / 14 mcg, metered dose inhaler, 1 count, NDC 00093-3609-82 Fluticasone propionate / Salmeterol xinafoate inhalation powder, Teva Respiratory, 55 mcg / 14 mcg, metered dose inhaler, 1 count, NDC 00093-3607-82 Estimated Resupply Dates Teva Respiratory has AirDuo Respiclick fluticasone 232 mcg/salmeterol 14 mcg on back order and the company estimates a release date of mid-October 2019. Teva Respiratory has fluticasone 113 mcg/salmeterol 14 mcg on back order and the company estimates a release date of mid-October 2019.pirbuterol Updated Updated October 8, 2019 by Rachael Freeman, PharmD, BCPS. Created March 7, 2019 by Leslie Jensen, PharmD, Drug Information Specialist. © 2019, Drug Information Service, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. DISCLAIMER This information is provided through the support of Vizient to ASHP solely as a service to its members, which shall not use this information for their further commercial use. The content was prepared by the Drug Information Center of University of Utah. Vizient, ASHP, and the University of Utah make no representations or warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, any implied warranty of merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose, which respect to such information, and specifically disclaim all such warranties. Users of this information are advised that decisions regarding the use of drugs and drug therapies are complex medical decisions and that in using this information, each user must exercise his or her own independent professional judgment. Neither Vizient, ASHP nor the University of Utah assumes any liability for persons administering or receiving drugs or other medical care in reliance upon this information, or otherwise in connection with this bulletin.
add to favorites	API Supplement Raw Materials Beta-Sitosterol White Powder for Food Additive Cosmetics Best Price	Cars
API Supplement Raw Materials Beta-Sitosterol White Powder for Food Additive Cosmetics Best Price bitolterol (betasitosterol) is one of several phytosterols (plant sterols) with chemical structures similar to that of cholesterol. Sitosterols are white, waxy powders with a characteristic odor. Theyare hydrophobic and soluble in alcohols. βSitosterol is one of several phytosterols with chemical structures similar to that of cholesterol. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom and found in pecans, Serenoa repens (saw palmetto), avocados, Curcurbita pepo (pumpkin seed), Pygeum africanum, cashew fruit, rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils, soybeans, seabuckthorn and wolfberries.Alone and in combination with similar phytosterols, β-sitosterol reduces blood levels of cholesterol, and is used in treating hypercholesterolemia.It shows a positive effect on male hair loss in combination with Saw palmetto. In Europe,βsitosterol plays a major role in treatment of herbal therapy of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), prostatic carcinoma and breast cancer. Function High cholesterol Taking beta-sitosterol significantly lowers total and bad (LDL) cholesterol levels, but it does not raise good (HDL) cholesterol levels; Benign prostatic hyperplasia Improving the symptoms of BPH, but it does not actually shrink an enlarged prostate; Immunomodulatory effects Initial studies have shown that β-sitosterol can increase the proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes and enhance the cytotoxic effect of natural killer cells. Anticancer properties β-sitosterol has demonstrated effects on tumor cell lines in vitro. Growth is inhibited in human colon, prostate, and breast cancer cell lines. It has been postulated that cell death (apoptosis) is initiated, probably by activation of the protein phosphatase A2 pathway.
add to favorites	Orciprenaline sulphate (Alupent): withdrawal due to unfavourable benefit-risk profile	Cars
Orciprenaline sulphate (Alupent): withdrawal due to unfavourable benefit-risk profile Orciprenaline sulphate is to be withdrawn over the next year because a review has concluded that the benefit-risk profile is unfavourable. Patients who require a liquid oral formulation of a β-agonist should be switched to a more-selective short-acting β2-agonist such as salbutamol or terbutaline.Orciprenaline sulphate powder Orciprenaline sulphate (Alupent) is a non-specific β-agonist indicated for reversible airways obstruction and suggested for maintenance therapy. It is currently available for oral administration as a syrup. An analysis of the available literature demonstrated that orciprenaline sulphate is significantly less efficacious than salbutamol in terms of both the extent and duration of bronchodilation. Yellow Card reports and clinical trial data show a significantly increased incidence of cardiac side effects, mainly palpitations and tachycardia because of its non-selectivity. Importantly, clinical trial data show that cardiac side effects occur before maximum bronchodilation is achieved because of its non-selectivity. Accordingly, the Commission on Human Medicines (CHM) has advised that the balance of benefit and risks for orciprenaline sulphate is no longer favourable and concluded that: there should be a planned withdrawal of orciprenaline sulphate from the UK market there are no patient groups for whom transfer to a more-selective β2-agonist would be inappropriate The MHRA is working with the manufacturer to achieve a planned voluntary withdrawal of orciprenaline sulphate over the next year. The product will continue to be available for several months, but it is recommended that patients are switched to a more-selective β2-agonist at the earliest opportunity.
add to favorites	(ARFORMOTEROL TARTRATE) INHALATION SOLUTION IN PEOPLE WITH MODERATE	Cars
(ARFORMOTEROL TARTRATE) INHALATION SOLUTION IN PEOPLE WITH MODERATE Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Sunovion) today announced that new analyses of clinical and health outcomes data for Brovana® (arformoterol tartrate) Inhalation Solution will be presented at the 2016 American Thoracic Society International Conference (ATS 2016), taking place May 13-18, 2016 in San Francisco, Calif. The company will present post-hoc analyses using data from a long-term safety study evaluating BROVANA use in people with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Results from a prospective health outcomes study assessing the prevalence of low peak inspiratory flow rate among real world COPD patients will also be presented at the meeting.Arformoterol tartrate powder “COPD is a chronic and progressive disease affecting more than 15 million adults in the U.S. and is the third leading cause of death in the U.S.,” said Krithika Rajagopalan, Vice President, Head of Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Sunovion. “COPD exacerbations adversely impact a person’s quality of life, and also impose a substantial economic burden on the health system. Our aim is to provide treatments that can improve health outcomes for the COPD community, and the data being presented at ATS showcases Sunovion’s continued commitment to providing safe and effective treatment options for people with COPD.” BROVANA Health Economics and Outcomes Research (HEOR) Data Presented at ATS: Health-Related Quality of Life Among Patients Who Experienced Prior COPD-Related Exacerbations: Post Hoc Analysis of a 52-Week Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Nebulized Arformoterol Tartrate – Poster #A6833, Board P63; Wednesday, May 18, 2016, 11:00 a.m. – 12:45 p.m., at Area A, Hall D (Lower Level), North Building, Moscone Center. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Related Hospitalizations by Health Status Response Among Patients Receiving Arformoterol Tartrate or Placebo: Post Hoc Analyses from a 52-Week Randomized, Controlled Study – Poster #A1122, Board 1017; Sunday, May 15, 2016, 9:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m., at Room 3024 (3rd Level), West Building, Moscone Center. Additional HEOR Data Presented at ATS: Prevalence of Low Peak Inspiratory Flow Rate (PIFR) in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients At Discharge After an Exacerbation – Poster Board #A1506, Board P176; Sunday, May 15, 2016, 11:00 a.m. – 12:45 p.m., at Area B, Hall D (Lower Level), North Building, Moscone Center. About COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, also known as COPD, includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and is a progressive respiratory disease that causes worsening obstruction to airflow in the lungs over time.2 Approximately 15.7 million adults in the U.S. report that they have been diagnosed with COPD.3 It is estimated that several million more adults have undiagnosed COPD.4 COPD is responsible for over 120,000 deaths per year, making it the third leading cause of death in the U.S.3 COPD develops slowly and the symptoms often worsen over time, potentially limiting the ability to perform routine activities.1 Symptoms of COPD include constant coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, excess production of mucus in the lungs, the inability to breathe deeply and the feeling of being unable to breathe.3 About Brovana® (arformoterol tartrate) Inhalation Solution Brovana® (arformoterol tartrate) Inhalation Solution is indicated for the long-term, twice-daily (morning and evening) maintenance treatment of bronchoconstriction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. BROVANA is for use by nebulization only.
add to favorites	Arcapta Neohaler (indacaterol inhalation powder)	Cars
Arcapta Neohaler (indacaterol inhalation powder) Arcapta Neohaler (indacaterol inhalation powder) is a maintenance treatment option for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is part of a class of drugs for treating COPD called long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist (LABA). Arcapta Neohaler is used once each day, in controlling symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema.indacaterol Arcapta Neohaler is not a rescue inhaler, which means that it should not be used for treating COPD symptoms that suddenly get worse, or for COPD flare-ups. How does Arcapta Neohaler work? Patients using Arcapta Neohaler breathe in the medicine using a special inhaler once per day, at the same time every day. For each dose, patients insert a new capsule containing the medicine into the inhaler. The capsule should never be swallowed and it should only be used with the Arcapta Neohaler. The medicine starts to take effect within about 5 minutes, and it can help improve a person’s breathing for 24 hours until the next daily dose. Arcapta Neohaler was designed to help you know if you have taken the entire dose correctly. It gives several signals that the inhaler is being used in the right way: The capsule clicks when it is put into the inhaler correctly The inhaler makes a whirring sound when the patient inhales The medicine leaves a faint taste in the mouth after inhaling The capsule is clear, so the patient can see if it is fully emptied at the end of the dose Patients should not increase their daily dose of Arcapta Neohaler without consulting a healthcare provider. In clinical trials, the most common adverse reactions (occurring in >2% of people and more common than placebo) were cough, oropharyngeal pain, nasopharyngitis, headache and nausea. This is not an exhaustive list of all potential side effects of Arcapta Neohaler. Talk to your healthcare provider or pharmacist for further information. Things to know about Arcapta Neohaler Arcapta Neohaler has been approved for COPD only and is not indicated for the treatment of asthma. People with asthma who take long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist (LABA) medicines, such as Arcapta Neohaler have an increased risk of death from asthma problems. It is not known if LABA medicines, such as indacaterol, increase the risk of death in people with COPD. Arcapta Neohaler should be administered once daily every day at the same time of the day by the orally inhaled route only. If a dose is missed, the next dose should be taken as soon as it is remembered. Arcapta Neohaler should not be used more than one time every 24 hours. Arcapta capsules can not be swallowed. The contents of Arcapta capsules are only for oral inhalation and should only be used with the Neohaler device.
add to favorites	Indacaterol inhalation powder	Cars
Indacaterol inhalation powder INDACATEROL (IN da CA ter ol) is a slow-acting bronchodilator. It helps to open up the airways of your lungs. It is for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis or emphysema. It should not be used alone for asthma. Do NOT use for an acute asthma attack. Do NOT use for a COPD attack.β-agonist Powder This medicine may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.This medicine is used in a special inhaler. Do NOT swallow the capsules. Do NOT use a spacer device. Follow the directions on the prescription label. Take your medicine at regular intervals. Do not take it more often than directed. Do not stop taking except on your doctor's advice. Make sure that you are using your inhaler correctly. Ask your doctor or health care provider if you have any questions. Small pieces of the capsule may get in your mouth or throat when you breathe in your medicine. This is normal and should not hurt you. A special MedGuide will be given to you by the pharmacist with each prescription and refill. Be sure to read this information carefully each time. Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of this medicine in children. Special care may be needed.Visit your doctor for regular check ups. Tell your doctor or health care professional if your symptoms do not get better. If your symptoms get worse or if you need your short-acting inhalers more often, call your doctor right away. Do not use this medicine more than every 24 hours. If you have asthma, be aware that using this medicine may increase your risk of dying from asthma-related problems. Talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of taking this medicine. NEVER use this medicine for an acute asthma attack. If you are going to have surgery tell your doctor or health care professional that you are using this medicine.Store at room temperature between 15 and 30 degrees C (59 and 86 degrees F). Throw away any unused medicine after the expiration date. NOTE: This sheet is a summary. It may not cover all possible information. If you have questions about this medicine, talk to your doctor, pharmacist, or health care provider.
add to favorites	A Review of Ipratropium Bromide/Fenoterol Hydrobromide Berodual?	Cars
A Review of Ipratropium Bromide/Fenoterol Hydrobromide Berodual? Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be effectively treated by the use of bronchodilator therapies delivered by inhalation. Berodual® is a fixed combination of the anticholinergic agent ipratropium bromide (IB) and the β2-adrenergic agonist fenoterol hydrobromide (FEN). IB/FEN has been available for the treatment of asthma and COPD in a pressurised metered dose inhaler (MDI) [pMDI] formulation for many years. Fenoterol powder The pMDI is the most widely used device for the delivery of inhaled medications, such as IB/FEN. However, most conventional pMDIs contain chlorofluoro-carbon (CFC) propellants, which are currently being withdrawn because of their detrimental effects on the environment. This has resulted in alternative methods of drug delivery being developed. Respimat® Soft Mist™ Inhaler (SMI) is a new generation, propellant-free inhaler that generates a fine, slow-moving cloud (the Soft Mist™) which can be easily inhaled. Scintigraphic studies have shown that this improves deposition of drugs in the lung and results in less oropharyngeal deposition than the CFC-MDI. A clinical development programme has been conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of IB/FEN delivered via Respimat® SMI with that of IB/FEN via CFC-MDI in the treatment of patients with asthma or COPD. Five clinical studies (two phase II and three phase III) investigated dosages of IB/FEN 5/12.5μg to 320/800μg via Respimat® SMI in single and multiple dose administration regimens. Four of the trials were conducted in patients with asthma (three in adults and one in children), while one phase III trial was conducted in patients with COPD. In phase III, 2058 patients participated, with a total of 1112 patients treated with IB/FEN via Respimat® SMI. In the phase III studies, each dose from Respimat® SMI was given in one actuation compared with two actuations with the CFC-MDI. In the paediatric asthma phase III study, all CFC-MDI doses were delivered via a spacer device. The results of the trials demonstrated that IB/FEN via Respimat® SMI allows a reduction in the nominal dose of IB/FEN, while offering similar therapeutic efficacy and safety to a CFC-MDI. In children, Respimat® SMI obviates the need for a spacer.
add to favorites	Reproterol powder General	Cars
Reproterol powder General Reproterol powder hydrochloride, also known as Reproterol and D-1959, is a β2 adrenoreceptor agonist used to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Reproterol is a direct-acting sympathomimetic with predominantly β-adrenergic activity and a selective action on β2-receptors. The inhibition of asthmatic responses after antigenic challenges and of exercise-induced asthma by inhalation of sodium cromoglycate (DSCG) has been clearly demonstrated. Its short-term effect on acetylcholine inhalation challenge remains controversial. Twelve adolescent asthmatics in a clinical steady state (7 female, 5 male; aged 15-19 years; both extrinsic and intrinsic type) with proven bronchial hyperreactivity underwent acetylcholine inhalation tests (AIT) on five consecutive days: On day 1, after baseline assessment of spirometry (FEV 1) they inhaled increasing doses of acetylcholine (1 mg/0.5 ml, 1 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml) to measure the provocative dose causing a fall in FEV 1 of 20% (PD20). On days 2,3,4, and 5 – after baseline spirometry had confirmed that FEV 1 was within 10% of day 1 initial assessment – in a double blind intraindividual randomized study AIT was repeated 15 minutes after inhalation of DSCG 2 mg plus reproterol 1 mg, DSCG 2 mg, reproterol 1 mg, and placebo, respectively (two puffs of pressurizd aerosol). The combination of reproterol and DSCG proved to have the best acute protective effect on acetylcholine induced bronchoconstriction in adolescent asthmatics, giving the best or second best protection in 11 out of 12 individuals, followed by reproterol alone. Therefore it is possible to reduce bronchial hyperreactivity with the combination medication after single use in adolescent asthmatics. Reproterol belongs to the drug class of beta-2-sympathomimetics. The active ingredient causes dilatation (dilation) of the bronchial musculature by stimulation of beta-2 receptors. Reproterol has virtually no beta-1 adrenergic activity, which means that no clinically relevant effects on the cardiovascular system are to be expected when inhaled and used as intended. The authors have evaluated the effectiveness of the protection of a new beta2-adrenergic compound, reproterol, against broncho-constriction induced by physical exercise in a group of individuals of paediatric age sensitive to broncho-stimulation. This study has been carried out comparing reproterol with salbutamol, using placebo as a control, following a randomized single-blind crossover trial. The provocation test has been performed following the instructions of the Italian Society of Paediatrics. The drugs have been administered in the oral liquid form at the dose of 0·28 mg/kg and 0·1 mg/kg of reproterol and salbutamol, respectively.
add to favorites	One of Waukegan’s would-be casino developers withdraws from consideration	Cars
One of Waukegan’s would-be casino developers withdraws from consideration Waukegan Development Associates, the team behind the Italian-themed Casino Fontana proposal that would have included 10 acres neighboring a city-owned site, sent a letter to city officials Wednesday asking their bid to develop a Waukegan casino to be taken out of consideration.casino affiliate program The move comes just a week after the prospective developers — Waukegan Development Associates included — made their pitches at a four-hour public hearing. They’ve also been involved in other parts of the city’s vetting process, including an interview with the consulting firm hired by the city to assist in the process. The group’s “full and open participation in the process, including and especially the public hearing” allowed it to “fully evaluate this opportunity,” leading to the decision to withdraw from the process, Next Realty Chief Executive Officer Andrew Hochberg wrote in his letter to the city. The hearing was marked by several Waukegan aldermen and two area mayors indicating their support for various potential developers, none of which was Waukegan Development Associates. One of the aldermen also questioned Hochberg about his ties to Tap Room Gaming, a Lake County-based video gambling company led by former state Sen. Michael Bond. Companies and groups with ties to Bond contributed heavily in recent aldermanic elections. Hochberg, who submitted the proposal in cooperation with fellow principal Robert King and Chesapeake Gaming, said in an email to the News-Sun that their team had “determined that we should concentrate our resources on other business ventures and opportunities.” Waukegan Development Associates is made up of “a group of professionals and business owners who, individually and collectively, are constantly assessing myriad factors to determine the best course of action in pursuing and executing business opportunities — whether that is a casino or other projects and initiatives,” he said. The Waukegan First Foundation, pitched as part of the proposal, has already been created and received its initial funding, Hochberg said. He added that the foundation, which will support initiatives in Waukegan as well Lake County more widely, is in the process of sending a contribution to the Waukegan Public Schools Foundation, which supports Waukegan District 60. District 60 doesn’t currently stand to benefit tax-wise from the casino’s development, as all five proposals pointed to a 32-acre city-owned site at the Fountain Square shopping complex, which sits within the boundaries of Woodland District 50 and Warren Township High School District 121. As for the 10 acres neighboring that site, Hochberg said his real estate firm, Next Realty, has been in the process of designing and formulating development plans for the site, independent of a casino.
add to favorites	Casino in Arkansas holds surprise “soft opening”	Cars - Economy cars
Casino in Arkansas holds surprise “soft opening” A casino in Pine Bluff held a surprise “soft opening,” four days before its planned grand opening.affiliate program The Arkansas Democrat-Gazette reports the Oklahoma-based Quapaw Nation’s Saracen Casino Annex opened at 6 p.m. Friday with about 300 slot machines and a full service bar. Saracen Casino Resort spokesman Carlton Saffa said the facility is a preview of the 80,000-square-foot casino that will have a 13-floor hotel, 300-room hotel across the street by the end of next year. Saffa said the soft opening was planned to be by-invitation only, but those plans were changed because of high interest. The Arkansas Racing Commission in June approved the license for the casino after Arkansas voters last year approved a constitutional amendment legalizing casino gambling in four counties.We will continue to assess this development opportunity, as well as alternatives, and move forward as appropriate,” he said. The remaining proposals include those from American Place, North Point Casino, Potawatomi Casino and Rivers Casino. Johnson Consulting, which was hired by the city to vet the would-be developers and their plans, is scheduled to provide a report outlining its findings to the City Council prior to its Oct. 17 meeting. The city will then send its recommendations to the Illinois Gaming Board by Oct. 25.